环境空气中13种醛酮类化合物与2,4-二硝基苯肼采样管反应效率研究

应用13种醛酮类气体标准物质绘制工作曲线,采用超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(DAD)测定环境空气中13种醛酮类化合物的含量。使用13种醛酮类气体标准物质作为采样对象模拟大气采样,对2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)采样管反应时间、气体环境温度、采样流量等条件进行优化。以气体标准物质为样本,采样体积设定为5 L,在采样温度为25℃、采样流量为0.5 L/min的条件下进行样品采集。采集完毕后,将采样管密封避光保存150 min,随后进行前处理。实验结果显示,大部分化合物的衍生化反应效率可以达到70%以上。该实验条件下,在25～500 nmol/mol浓度范围内绘制工作曲线,所得曲线线性关系良好,相关系数(r)大于0.995。该工作曲线定量方式适用于环境空气中醛酮类化合物的分析。     

SO_2与CeO_2超细颗粒非均相反应产物的细胞毒性效应

大气二次细颗粒物(secondary fine particulate matters,SFPMs)是我国城市大气PM_(2.5)的主要组成部分。然而由于PM_(2.5)组成成份复杂,其毒性产生的来源并不明确。在本研究中,我们以二氧化铈(CeO_2)超细颗粒物(UFPs)为大气细矿物质颗粒模型,研究了SO_2气体在模拟大气环境中,如湿度(RH)、紫外光照(UV)和NO_2存在条件下,在CeO_2UFPs界面经多相反应生成的二次无机细颗粒物的性质及与细胞毒性的构效关系。实验通过实时高通量细胞分析系统,实时观察了CeO_2-SFPMs暴露对小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)增殖的影响;并进一步检测了CeO_2-SFPMs对细胞膜通透性和细胞凋亡的影响。结果表明,SO_2与CeO_2UFPs作用后可转化为硫酸盐,在有NO_2存在下转化更为明显。CeO_2-SFPMs对细胞毒性效应与其生成的环境条件相关,并具有时间效应性。RAW264.7细胞暴露于CeO_2-SFPMs 8 h,细胞增殖无明显变化;暴露8~25 h后,CeO_2-SFPMs对细胞增殖的抑制率随CeO_2@CeO_2+SO_2@CeO_2+SO_2+RH≈@CeO_2+SO_2+RH+UV@CeO_2+SO_2+RH+NO_2的顺序显著升高。CeO_2-SFPMs对Raw264.7细胞膜通透性和细胞凋亡的影响研究也证明CeO_2-SFPMs@CeO_2+SO_2+RH+NO_2产生的细胞毒性最明显。     

Detection of dioxygenase genes present in various activated sludge

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Activated sludge from refineries contains various microorganisms that could utilize aromatics under aerobic conditions due to the oxygenase enzymes. Dioxygenase enzymes are oxygenases, which are involved in the ring cleavage step of aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, the selected catabolic loci involved in ring cleavage have been monitored in the activated sludge samples at different time intervals. The investigation of the dioxygenase genes in the Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) and evaluation of their presence at different time points provides a clue for the aromatic utilizing potential of the inherent microbial flora. METHODS: The catabolic gene loci pheB, xylE, tod-isp, bed and nahG responsible for the enzymes catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, toluene dioxygenase-iron-sulphur protein component, benzene dioxygenase and naphthalene dioxygenase were used respectively. The time dependent change in eubacterial population was demonstrated by the amplification of 16S rDNA product, followed by restriction digestion. The template DNA was obtained from the activated sludge collected from ETPs. The supporting physiological data for the overall performance of sludge was developed using respirometric analysis. The on-site COD and MLSS analysis for ETP was used in final evaluation. The study was carried out with samples collected from three different ETPs and also from a selected ETP at different time intervals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The respirometric studies were carried out with phenol, catechol, toluene, and naphthalene to arrive at the target genotypes for further study by PCR protocol. The respirometric analysis coupled with the COD and MLSS analysis represented the physiological capacity of the various sludges. Initially, the tracking protocol was optimized by using different sludge samples, which were collected from refineries. The selected genotypes were amplified and their presence has been confirmed using Southern analysis. The gene loci tod-isp, bed and xylE were commonly observed at various time intervals of the sludge from the same source. The gene loci pheB and nahG were found to be relatively rare. CONCLUSION: The 16S rDNA PCR products after restriction digestion produced different DNA fingerprint patterns, suggesting that the microbial community composition was diverse in the three sources. Similarly, the presence of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, benzene dioxygenase and toluene dioxygenase genes confirmed the aromatic degrading potential in the various sludges. The probes could not pick the nahG and pheB genes. However, the respirometeric assay suggested that the oxidative capacity to use naphthalene as a substrate exists. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVE: Our study of the diversity at various time points from the ETP provided an overview of the shifts of the catabolic composition of the sludge. This also depends on the influential parameters like the incoming pollutant level and the environmental conditions that are prevailing and often changing from time to time. The results of direct DNA extraction and PCR amplification do reflect the relative abundance of a particular catabolic genotype, which could be used to monitor the efficiency of treatment.     

不同植物和吸附剂对室内甲醛的去除效果

以绿萝、芦荟、活性炭和茶渣为材料,采用密闭箱法进行甲醛净化能力的研究。结果表明,4种物质对甲醛都具有一定的去除效果,但是作用效果差异明显。植物中绿萝对甲醛的净化效果比芦荟好,对不同初始质量浓度甲醛的去除率分别为76.5%、51.8%和40.0%,光照条件有利于植物对甲醛的吸收,甲醛的去除效率提高约39.3%。茶渣表面突起结构和较大的孔隙结构有利于甲醛的去除,对不同初始质量浓度甲醛的去除率分别为49.0%、32.6%和21.1%。动力学研究表明,在所研究的条件范围内,两种吸附剂吸附甲醛符合拟一级动力学,活性炭吸附甲醛的反应速率常数ka=0.0318min-1,茶渣吸附甲醛的反应速率常数kt=0.0319 min-1。     

A review on the production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass through conventional and enzymatic route—a comparison

The scarcity of fossil fuels has urged the economically developed countries to find the resources for an alternative energy sources. In apprehension to this, biofuels, like bioethanol and biobutanol, produced from lignocellulosic biomass were considered as potential alternative. There are several methods for the pretreatment of biomass before it is being used as a feedstock for the production of fermentable sugars. However, one of the crucial concerns here is to enumerate an economic pretreatment scheme that can be implemented in large scale for the production of mostly exposed cellulosic part from biomass. This will ensure an effective hydrolysis of cellulose for the production of fermentable sugars and the production of biobutanol from these derived sugars. Moreover, the keynote understanding of an effective fermentation is the production of less inhibitory compounds like furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural during the hydrolysis of cellulose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was reported as the most efficient method is this aspect. Trichoderma sp. was found the mostly used resources for the enzyme called cellulase and Aspergillus sp. for hemicellulase enzymes. The most crucial part here is the isolation of proper enzyme that will increase the rate of hydrolysis. Moreover, selection of proper pretreatment process will be a key benefit to the production of fermentable sugars through enzymatic hydrolysis. Based on the biomass nature, the evaluated hot water pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with a provision of enzyme reusability (like encapsulated or enzyme separation with membrane) seems to be promising for enhanced biofuel-production.     

MnOx/Al-SBA-15催化剂低温NH3选择性催化还原NO的原位红外研究简

用原位红外分别进行了MnO_x/Al-SBA-15催化剂上NH₃和NO+O₂的吸附态和瞬态实验以及NH₃+NO+O₂反应的稳态实验。结果表明，催化剂上存在着L酸位和B酸位，NH₃吸附在催化剂上形成配位态的NH₃和NH₄⁺，配位态的NH₃能脱氢形成—NH₂活性中间态。NO+O₂在催化剂上吸附形成硝酸盐类、硝基类和亚硝酸盐类。将NO+O₂通入预吸附NH₃的催化剂中时，表面的配位态的NH₃、NH₄⁺和—NH₂都会减少直至消失，SCR反应显著。而将NH₃通入预吸附NO+O₂的催化剂中时，只有硝基类和亚硝酸盐类减少，硝酸盐类基本不发生变化，SCR反应微弱。NH₃+NO+O₂稳态反应中，催化剂表面稳定存在着NH₄⁺和硝酸盐类，SCR反应显著。     

沸石负载Fe_3O_4光催化氧化去除水中苯酚

为了对水中苯酚的去除进行研究,通过离子交换法及液相沉积法在天然沸石上负载Fe3O4制备出一种具有较高反应活性的复合催化剂,采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等仪器对其结构和形貌进行表征,并利用复合催化剂进行非均相UV/Fenton反应处理模拟苯酚废水,考察不同因素对苯酚降解效果的影响。实验结果表明,在催化剂投加量为0.4 g/L,H2O2投加量为二分之一理论投加量,pH为3~10且室温的条件下,处理100 mg/L的模拟苯酚废水,60 min之内苯酚去除率可达90%以上。通过对催化剂的稳定性研究,发现经5次循环使用后,苯酚去除率均可保持在90%以上,具有良好的循环使用性能。     

Cu~(2+)助芬顿法处理高浓度邻苯二甲酸二甲酯废水

Cu2+可以与H2O2发生类Fenton反应,用Fenton法处理同时含有难降解有机物和Cu2+的工业废水时,Cu2+对于Fenton氧化难降解有机物的反应具有促进作用。本实验在高浓度邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和Cu2+组成的模拟工业废水中投加Fenton试剂(Fe2++H2O2),利用Cu2+辅助Fe2+催化Fenton反应氧化难降解有机物。通过正交实验,优选反应条件,并进行单因素实验,分析不同Cu2+浓度、初始H2O2浓度、H2O2∶Fe2+(摩尔比)、pH及温度对DMP去除率的影响,以确定最佳的反应条件,并对反应机理进行了初步探讨。当Cu2+浓度为10 mg/L、DMP浓度为250 mg/L、初始H2O2的浓度为499.5 mg/L、H2O2∶Fe2+的摩尔比为4∶1、温度为20℃时,DMP的去除率最高可达到98.67%。本研究为类芬顿法处理难降解有机物和重金属离子共存的复杂工业废水奠定了基础。     

磁性膨润土的制备及类Fenton氧化法处理焦化废水

以Al-Fe柱撑膨润土为原料，通过原位氧化沉淀法负载纳米Fe₃O₄颗粒，制备磁性膨润土。采用XRD，SEM，EDS技术对磁性膨润土进行了表征，并将其作为类Fenton反应催化剂对焦化厂二沉池出水（COD为267.6 mg/L、色度为428度）进行了深度处理，探讨了各反应条件对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：Fe₃O₄颗粒较为均匀地分布在膨润土表面，负载牢固;在H₂O₂加入量70 mmol/L、磁性膨润土加入量0.8 g/L、反应温度30 ℃、初始废水pH 5.0的条件下反应30 h，废水COD和色度的去除率分别达到78.5%和93.4%，COD和色度分别降至57.5 mg/L和28度，满足GB/T 19923—2005《城市污水再生利用 工业用水水质》的要求;磁性膨润土使用4次后，对废水的处理效果仍很稳定。     

Application of an early warning indicator and CaO to maximize the time–space-yield of an completely mixed waste digester using rape seed oil as co-substrate

In order to increase the organic loading rate (OLR) and hereby the performance of biogas plants an early warning indicator (EWI-VFA/Ca) was applied in a laboratory-scale biogas digester to control process stability and to steer additive dosing. As soon as the EWI-VFA/Ca indicated the change from stable to instable process conditions, calcium oxide was charged as a countermeasure to raise the pH and to bind long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) by formation of aggregates. An interval of eight days between two increases of the OLR, which corresponded to 38% of the hydraulic residence time (HRT), was sufficient for process adaptation. An OLR increase by a factor of three within six weeks was successfully used for biogas production. The OLR was increased to 9.5 kg volatile solids (VS) m^?3 d^?1 with up to 87% of fat. The high loading rates affected neither the microbial community negatively nor the biogas production process. Despite the increase of the organic load to high rates, methane production yielded almost its optimum, amounting to 0.9 m³ (kg VS)^?1. Beneath several uncharacterized members of the phylum Firmicutes mostly belonging to the family Clostridiaceae, a Syntrophomonas-like organism was identified that is known to live in a syntrophic relationship to methanogenic archaea. Within the methanogenic group, microorganisms affiliated to Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus and Methanobacterium dominated the community.